GP Terms & Conditions validation failing on every page

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We have a GravityForm we use for customer intake with a Terms & Conditions checkbox. The validation is currently failing even when a user checks the box, not allowing them to check out.

We’ve confirmed the checkbox is the issue by adding the following filter to log validation results:

add_filter( 'gform_validation_1', 'log_form_1_validation_errors', 1);
function log_form_1_validation_errors( $validation_result ) {
    if (!$validation_result['is_valid']) {
        $validation_failures = [];

        foreach ($validation_result['form']['fields'] as $field) {
            if ($field->failed_validation) {
                $validation_failures[] = [
                    'field_id' => $field->id,
                    'label' => $field->label,
                    'message' => $field->validation_message,
                ];
            }
        }

        write_log("FORM 1 VALIDATION FAILURE: PAGE {$validation_result['failed_validation_page']}: " . var_export([
                'current_user_email' => wp_get_current_user()->user_email,
                'fields' => $validation_failures,
                'post_values' => $_POST,
            ], true));
    }

    return $validation_result;
}

This results in entries like the following in our logs:

FORM 1 VALIDATION FAILURE: PAGE 6: array (
    'current_user_email' => 'redacted@example.com',
    'fields' =>
        array (
            0 =>
                array (
                    'field_id' => 308,
                    'label' => 'Terms & Conditions',
                    'message' => 'This field is required.',
                ),
        ),
    'post_values' => array( "redacted" )
    )

Can anyone please help us debug this issue?